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The Challenges of the Future Cannot Be Met by Any One Country Alone

Forty years ago, Milan hosted the pivotal 1985 European Council where, for the first time, a vote was called — breaking with tradition and setting Europe on a new course. By Catherine De Vries

The purpose of Eurobonds

Eurobonds can be issued to provide new resources or to become the safe asset for the European financial market, not both. A commentary by Lorenzo Bini Smaghi

At the June 1985 European Council meeting, in Milan, the diverging views about the future of Europe – its identity as a common trading area or as a more cohesive bloc – were bound to clash strongly, given the fact that the meeting was intended to con...

Market Making as Crisis Management: A History of the 1985 White Paper

At the Castello Sforzesco, in the 1985 meeting, the European Council agreed with the Commission’s conclusion that an internal market could provide the economic and social “crisis management” the Community needed and secure its global economic competi...

On the Amato et al. proposal for a European Debt Agency: a preliminary legal analysis

A preliminary legal analysis of the proposal for a European Debt Agency (EDA). EDA represents a ground-breaking initiative to address the complex challenges of sovereign debt management within the European Union. A Working Paper by Rosalba Famà...

How to Structure an EU/UK Partnership on Foreign, Security and Defence Policy

It is time for an ambitious foreign policy, security and defence partnership (FSDP) between the EU and the UK, tailored to reflect the UK’s unique situation, which should be swiftly negotiated and concluded. A commentary by Alan Dashwood

La Nuova Germania di Merz nella Post-Globalizzazione

Even before taking office as the new German Chancellor, Friedrich Merz has already reshaped Germany—and the entire European Union. The return of a Germany ready to take center stage, willing to incur debt like never before to support its economy, is ...

Rauti, Walter

Walter Rauti

Walter Rauti is a research Fellow at SDA Bocconi School of Management, a researcher at the University of Milan, and a visiting researcher at the London School of Economics and Political Science.

His research explores the sustainability of public policies, with a focus on defense management, digital innovation, and the transformation of organizational models in public administration. He also works on issues related to cybercrime, organized crime, and public sector corruption.

He is particularly interested in demographic trends and their economic and policy implications, especially in the context of regional development.

UK–EU Defence and Security Partnership: Taking Stock and Looking Ahead

The discussion focused on progress made so far and the challenges that still lie ahead in shaping a new framework for UK–EU collaboration in security and defence.

Lochocki Timo

Timo Lochocki

Timo Lochocki is a visiting fellow at the European Council on Foreign Relations.

He studied interdisciplinary social sciences in Germany, the U.S., and Norway, earning recognition for his 2014 doctorate on the rise and fall of right-wing populist parties in Europe. He later served as a fellow at the German Marshall Fund in Berlin, Washington, and Paris until 2018.

In 2019, he joined the German government as head of strategic planning at the Federal Ministry of Health, playing a key advisory role during the COVID-19 pandemic. Named one of Germany’s “Top 40 under 40” by Capital magazine in 2021, he is also a Young Transatlantic Leader with the American Council on Germany. Since 2022, he has advised German policymakers and international foundations on countering anti-democratic forces and reforming foreign and security policy. He is also a visiting professor at Bard College Berlin. His upcoming book, German Interests: How We Can Become the World’s Most Powerful Democracy and Save the Liberal West, will be published in February 2025.