Increasing global demand for  critical materials, combined with their uneven geographical distribution, raise potential supply issues that pose economic security and transition risks for the European Union. A Policy Brief by Capucine Nobletz, Romain Svartzman, and Simon Dikau

In his report on The Future of EU competitiveness, Mario Draghi recognizes that European enterprises are caught in a ‘middle tech trap’: Most large EU companies are in the middle tech sectors and remain there because this is the field they know. A commentary by Daniel Gros

The EU should not wait for the next crisis, it will surely come. European leaders have a proven leader at the helm in Ursula von der Leyen, who has given the EU a public face. A commentary by Catherine De Vries

The mobile telecom sector is often taken as a case study of fragmentation of the single market leading to less investment and a loss of technological leadership. However, a closer examination of the data suggests that the fragmentation also implies more competition leading to lower prices for consumers in Europe. A Policy Brief by Daniel Gros and Davide Magliano

The rationale for introducing an ECB-sponsored digital euro for citizens, retailers, and producers, is not solidly established. A Policy Brief by Ignazio Angeloni

Identifying the appropriate level of spending is difficult and there is not really any science about this. This is because different considerations play a role, including military strategy to political psychology. Andrea Gilli, and Mauro Gilli react to the recent IEP@BU Policy Brief Defense Expenditure in EU Countries

Much more work would be needed to quantify the potential savings from joint defense initiatives at the EU level. The available estimates, ranging from 20 to 100 billion, are not at all reliable. A Policy Brief by Carlo Cottarelli, and Lelouca Virgadamo

The leading Dutch tech company has been coerced to restrict its exports to China by the US government and the pressure continues. This is a European, not a national, problem. A commentary by Sanne van der Lugt 

The 1960s and 1970s acute industrial conflicts were at the root of the demise of large companies in the Italian economy, setting in motion a trend of reduction in company size that continued over the ensuing decades. A Policy Brief by Stefano Micossi 

Current European efforts, while laudable, are insufficient, in both quantity and quality. Important reforms are required to enable Europe to compete in the value-creating space. A Report by the European Policy Analysis Group

Founded by Bocconi University and Institute Javotte Bocconi, the Institute for European Policymaking @ Bocconi University combines the analytic rigor of a research institute, the policy impact of a think tank, and the facts-based effort of raising public opinion’s awareness about Europe through outreach activities.

Even though European banks do have solid Basel ratios, their profitability is insufficient to make them attractive to investors. This suggests that – from the market’s perspective - the system may not be as sound and stable as regulators believe. A Policy Brief by Lorenzo Bini Smaghi