Processing capacity, not mine output, decides who holds the real leverage. A commentary by Daniel Gros

Currently, manufacturers are requesting permission to continue using combustion engines. But would such a step backward truly benefit European consumers and workers? A commentary by Francesco Zirpoli

 One year on, the European Commission has applauded Mario Draghi’s proposals — but failed to apply them. A commentary by Marco Buti, and Marcello Messori

Propping up EU firms hit by US tariffs with public funds risks taxing Europeans to subsidise American consumption and federal revenues. A commentary by Marcello Messori

Europe’s exemption from US tariffs in aerospace highlights what the continent lacks elsewhere: unity, scale, and strategy. A commentary by Lorenzo Bini Smaghi.

The IMF’s estimate—suggesting internal EU trade barriers amount to a 44% tariff— cited even by Mario Draghi in an Ft article lacks solid analytical foundations. A commentary by Lorenzo Bini Smaghi

Europe must tackle its "internal tariffs" in response to Trump’s protectionism, but carefully. A commentary by Marco Buti, and Marcello Messori.

Trump’s defeat offers a cautionary tale for the European Union. A commentary by Lorenzo Bini Smaghi

In response to US protectionism, many governments decry fragmentation in the European market — barriers they themselves enforce. A commentary by Lorenzo Bini Smaghi

In this paper, we unpack the logic—and the unintended fallout—of the Trump administration’s tariff strategy. We present our analysis as an imagined conversation between President Trump and the late historian Carlo M. Cipolla. A paper by Marco Buti and Marcello Messori