At the Castello Sforzesco, in the 1985 meeting, the European Council agreed with the Commission’s conclusion that an internal market could provide the economic and social “crisis management” the Community needed and secure its global economic competitiveness. A Policy Brief by Grace Ballor

At the June 1985 European Council meeting, in Milan, the diverging views about the future of Europe – its identity as a common trading area or as a more cohesive bloc – were bound to clash strongly, given the fact that the meeting was intended to consider various proposals for the reform of the European institutions. A Policy Brief by Andrea Colli

In this paper, we unpack the logic—and the unintended fallout—of the Trump administration’s tariff strategy. We present our analysis as an imagined conversation between President Trump and the late historian Carlo M. Cipolla. A paper by Marco Buti and Marcello Messori

In response to US protectionism, many governments decry fragmentation in the European market — barriers they themselves enforce. A commentary by Lorenzo Bini Smaghi

While the proof of the pudding will be, as always, in the eating, the UK-EU 19 May Summit can justly be said to have laid out an enticing menu. A commentary by Sir Alan Dashwood

Favourable temporary external factors and prudent national policy choices both play a role—though the latter need to prove durable. A commentary by Lorenzo Bini Smaghi

To restart growth, the EU needs to focus on productivity and innovation. This does not require hundreds of billions of euros in new expenditure, but rather a sharp focus on the efficiency of existing budgets coupled with innovation-friendly rulemaking. A Policy Brief by Daniel Gros, and Jacob Funk Kirkegaard 

By changing the rules before the actual impact of the 2025 penalties could be assessed, the European Parliament has undermined the very mechanism the EU had in place to foster innovation and competitiveness within the EU auto industry. A commentary by Rachele Cavara, and Francesco Zirpoli 

We advocate a phased, reform-oriented, and strategically coherent approach that aligns defense effectiveness with fiscal responsibility and democratic legitimacy. A Policy Brief by Andrea Gilli,and Walter Rauti

The US-China tariff negotiations and a renewed focus on the long term should not lead the ECB to reconsider its decision. A commentary by Lorenzo Bini Smaghi

The basic principles exposed here provide the intuition on how to evaluate tariffs strategically as the Trump Presidency struggles to find a coherent policy. A Policy Brief by Daniel Gros 

The real challenge is not the size of successful tech firms per se, but how their scale is leveraged — whether to support vibrant ecosystems or to entrench monopolistic control. A commentary by Francesco Decarolis

The EU's Anti-Subsidy Investigation Against Chinese Battery Electric Vehicle Imports Industrial Policy: A Policy Brief by Daniel Gros, and Weinian Hu

Is the world de-globalizing? Is the global economy fragmenting along geopolitical lines? This article provides an overview of the available empirical evidence on de-globalization and fragmentation. A working paper by Italo Colantone

While economic theory and empirical evidence on human capital affirm the positive effects of education and training on productivity and economic growth, there is a tendency to treat skills enhancement as a universal remedy for labor market inefficiencies. A Policy Brief by Pietro Galeone